# 使用list作为栈
stack = [3, 4, 5]

# 入栈
stack.append(6)
# 出栈
val = stack.pop()
# 栈定元素
val = stack[-1]

from collections import deque
queue = deque(["eric", "john", "michael"])

# 入队列
queue.append("terry")
# 出队列
queue.popleft()

# 创建, 等号右边可以用括号扩起来
empty = ()
xyz = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'
one = 12345,
## unpacking
x, y, z = xyz
x, = one

a = [1,2,3]
b = [4,5,6]
# 创建, 等号右边可以用括号扩起来
t = (a, b) 
# ([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])
a.append(4)
b.append(7)
print(t)
# ([1, 2, 3, 4], [4, 5, 6, 7])

import sys
t = tuple(range(2 ** 24))
l = [i for i in range(2 ** 24)]

# 比较内存使用
print(sys.getsizeof(t), sys.getsizeof(l)) 

import timeit

# 从range转换tuple 这种速度最快，推荐此方法
timeit.timeit('''t = tuple(range(10000))''', number = 10000)

# 从list创建tuple
timeit.timeit('''t = tuple([i for i in range(10000)])''', number = 10000)

# 从range创建tuple
timeit.timeit('''t = tuple(i for i in range(10000))''', number = 10000)

# unpacking生成器创建tuple
timeit.timeit('''t = *(i for i in range(10000)),''', number = 10000)

# 0 - 9
val = range(10)
val = range(0, 10)
val = range(0, 10, 1)

empty = set()
a = {1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2}
b = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

# 超集和子集
a <= b
a.issubset(b)
b.issuperset(a)

# 交集
intersection = a & b
# 并集
union = a | b
# 差
subtraction = a - b
# 对称差
symmetric_difference = a ^ b

# {'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
d = dict([('sape', 4139), ('guido', 4127), ('jack', 4098)])

# {2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36}
d = {x: x**2 for x in (2, 4, 6)}

# {'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
d = dict(sape=4139, guido=4127, jack=4098)

typeerror: unhashable type: 'list'

# [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
# 创建列表
squares = []
for x in range(10):
 squares.append(x**2)

# 生成式
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]

# [(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)]
[(x, y) for x in [1,2,3] for y in [3,1,4] if x != y]

# ['3.1', '3.14', '3.142', '3.1416', '3.14159']
from math import pi
[str(round(pi, i)) for i in range(1, 6)]

matrix = [
  [1, 2, 3, 4],
  [5, 6, 7, 8],
  [9, 10, 11, 12],
]

# 行列
matrix = [[row[i] for i in range(len(row))] for row in matrix]

# 列行
transposed = [[row[i] for row in matrix] for i in range(4)]
transposed = list(zip(*matrix))

import sys
# 元素已经就绪，耗费较多的内存
l = [i for i in range(2 ** 24)] 
print(sys.getsizeof(l)) 
# 146916504 // 8 = 2 ** 24 

# 创建生成器对象, 不占用额外空间，但是需要数据的时候需要内部运算
l = (i for i in range(2 ** 24)) 
print(sys.getsizeof(l)) 
# 128 

def fib(n):
  a, b = 0, 1
  for _ in range(n):
    a, b = b, a + b
    yield a

if __name__ == '__main__':
  for val in fib(20):
    print(val)

l = ['tic', 'tac', 'toe']

for index in range(len(l))
 print(index, l[index])

for val in l:
 print(val)

for index, val in enumerate(l):
 print(index, val)

d = {'gallahad': 'the pure', 'robin': 'the brave'}

for key in d:
 print(key, d[key])

for key, val in d.items():
 print(key, val)

# [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
for num in range(0, 10, 2):
 print(num)

# [8, 6, 4, 2, 0]
for num in reversed(range(0, 10, 2)):
 print(num)