问题描述
这件事困扰了我一段时间.为什么我做不到:
It's a thing that bugged me for a while. Why can't I do:
>>> a = "" >>> a.foo = 2 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'foo'
...虽然我可以做到以下几点?
...while I can do the following?
>>> class Bar(): ... pass ... >>> a = Bar() >>> a.foo = 10 #ok!
这里的规则是什么?你能指点我一些描述吗?
What's the rule here? Could you please point me to some description?
推荐答案
您可以为任何具有 __dict__ 的对象添加属性.
You can add attributes to any object that has a __dict__.
- x = object() 没有它,例如.
- 字符串和其他简单的内置对象也没有.
- 使用 __slots__ 的类也没有.
- 用 class 定义的类有它,除非前面的语句适用.
- x = object() doesn't have it, for example.
- Strings and other simple builtin objects also don't have it.
- Classes using __slots__ also do not have it.
- Classes defined with class have it unless the previous statement applies.
如果一个对象使用 __slots__/没有 __dict__,通常是为了节省空间.例如,在 str 中,使用 dict 就太过分了——想象一下非常短的字符串会产生多大的膨胀.
If an object is using __slots__ / doesn't have a __dict__, it's usually to save space. For example, in a str it would be overkill to have a dict - imagine the amount of bloat for a very short string.
如果要测试给定对象是否有 __dict__,可以使用 hasattr(obj, '__dict__').
If you want to test if a given object has a __dict__, you can use hasattr(obj, '__dict__').
这也可能很有趣:
某些对象,例如内置类型及其实例(列表、元组等)没有 __dict__.因此无法在它们上设置用户定义的属性.
Some objects, such as built-in types and their instances (lists, tuples, etc.) do not have a __dict__. Consequently user-defined attributes cannot be set on them.
另一篇关于Python的数据模型包括__dict__、__slots__等有趣的文章是this 来自 python 参考.
Another interesting article about Python's data model including __dict__, __slots__, etc. is this from the python reference.