网络全自动安装ubuntu server

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服务端：centos5u4 x64 (IP:192.168.242.253/24)

所需环境：dhcp （dhcp / dhcp-devel）

httpd

tftp (tftp / tftp-server)

xinetd

syslinux

本文只针对如何通过net全自动安装ubuntu10.4-server，关于安装redhat不在本篇讨论，只是通过centos服务端的pxe引导与tftp等一系列

所需iso镜像为：ubuntu10.4-server-amd64.iso

挂载镜像：

先挂载挂载ubuntu的镜像

#mount /dev/cdrom /mnt

#mkdir /var/www/html/ubuntu64

#cp –ar /mnt/* /var/www/html/ubuntu64

#umount /mnt

再服务端版本的centos镜像

#mount /dev/cdrom /mnt

1.修改必要的文件(为了安装ubuntu时省去繁琐的工作，自动安装)：

#cd /var/www/html/

# cp ubuntu64/install/netboot/ubuntu-installer/amd64/initrd.gz ./

#gunzip initrd.gz

#mv initrd initrd.img

#mkdir initrd

#cd initrd

#cpio -i < ../initrd.img 解压到当前目录

制作gpg key（防止安装时出现bad mirrors 错误）,需要安装rng-utils

#gpg --gen-key 安装提示一步步下去，如果出现如下错误：

Not enough random bytes available，说明系统中的熵值不足，没有足够的随机数给GPG来产生密钥。打开另一终端

可以通过这个命令查看有多少剩余的熵

# cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail

如果不足的话，可以用rngd来产生

# rngd -r /dev/urandom -o /dev/random -f -t 1

#gpg --list-key可以看到刚创建的key

#cd usr/share/keyrings

#gpg --import <ubuntu-archive-keyring.gpg导入当前key

#gpg --list-key得到三个key的pub值

#gpg --export 437D05B5 FBB75451 92B92869 > ubuntu-archive-keyring.gpg

制作自动安装的cfg文件

#cd /var/www/html/initrd就上面的那个initrd目录

#vi preseed.cfg (貌似名字要固定)，写入如下：

# Locale sets language and country.

d-i debian-installer/locale string en_HK

# Keyboard selection.

d-i console-setup/ask_detect boolean false

d-i console-setup/layoutcode string us

# Network configuration.

d-i netcfg/choose_interface select auto

d-i netcfg/get_hostname string ubuntu

d-i netcfg/get_domain string ubuntu

#d-i netcfg/get_nameservers string 202.96.209.5

#d-i netcfg/get_ipaddress string 192.168.242.250

#d-i netcfg/get_netmask string 255.255.255.0

#d-i netcfg/get_gateway string 192.168.242.1

#d-i netcfg/confirm_static boolean true

# Mirror settings

d-i mirror/country string manual

d-i mirror/http/hostname string 192.168.242.253

d-i mirror/http/directory string /ubuntu64

d-i mirror/http/proxy string

# Clock and time zone setup

d-i clock-setup/utc boolean false

d-i time/zone string Asia/Shanghai

# Partitioning

d-i partman-auto/method string lvm

d-i partman-lvm/device_remove_lvm boolean true

d-i partman-md/device_remove_md boolean true

d-i partman-lvm/confirm boolean true

d-i partman-auto-lvm/guided_size string max

d-i partman-auto/choose_recipe select atomic

d-i partman/confirm_write_new_label boolean true

d-i partman/choose_partition select finish

d-i partman/confirm boolean true

d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true

# Base system installation

d-i base-installer/kernel/p_w_picpath string linux-generic

# Account setup

d-i passwd/root-login boolean true

d-i passwd/root-password password 123qwe

d-i passwd/root-password-again password 123qwe

d-i passwd/make-user boolean false

d-i user-setup/encrypt-home boolean false

# Apt setup

d-i apt-setup/use_mirror boolean false

d-i apt-setup/services-select multiselect security

d-i apt-setup/security_host string 192.168.242.253

d-i apt-setup/security_path string /ubuntu64

d-i debian-installer/allow_unauthenticated string true

# Package selection

tasksel tasksel/first multiselect standard

d-i pkgsel/include string openssh-server vim

d-i pkgsel/upgrade select none

d-i pkgsel/language-packs multiselect en, zh

d-i pkgsel/update-policy select none

# Boot loader installation

d-i grub-installer/only_debian boolean true

# Finishing up the installation

d-i finish-install/reboot_in_progress note

其中红色部分为主机名与root密码，网络注释掉，因为不会起作用

现在initrd目录中应该为如下：

initrd]# ls

bin etc initrd lib64 mnt proc sys usr

dev init lib media preseed.cfg sbin tmp var

现在可以把initrd打包了

#find . | cpio -o -H newc |gzip -9 >../initrd.gz

#cd ..

#mv initrd.gz initrd.img

#cp initrd.img /tftpboot/initrd-ubuntu.img

2.复制必要的文件(此时centos还挂载在/mnt下)

# cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /tftpboot/
# mkdir /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg
# cp /mnt/isolinux/isolinux.cfg /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
# cp /var/www/html/ubuntu64/install/vmlinuz /tftpboot/vmlinuz-ubuntu

# cp /mnt/isolinux/*.msg /tftpboot/

3、修改/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default文件

修改后默认会安装ubuntu，如果有其他系统，类似修改相应的label项，然后在boot.msg中写明

default ubuntu

prompt 1

display boot.msg

F1 boot.msg

F2 options.msg

F3 general.msg

F4 param.msg

F5 rescue.msg

label ubuntu

kernel vmlinuz-ubuntu

append initrd=initrd-ubuntu.img devfs=nomount ramdisk_size=8192

label linux text

kernel vmlinuz

append text initrd=initrd.img devfs=nomount ramdisk_size=8192

label linux expert

kernel vmlinuz

append expert initrd=initrd.img devfs=nomount ramdisk_size=8192

label linux rescue

kernel vmlinuz

append rescue initrd=initrd.img devfs=nomount ramdisk_size=8192

4.配置DHCP及TFTP服务

1. 配置tftp服务器

#vi /etc/xined.d/tftp

service tftp

{

disable = no (默认为“yes”，一定要改成“no”)

socket_type = dgram

protocol = yes

user = root

server = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd

server_args = -s /tftpboot

per_source = 11

cps = 100 2

flags = IPv4

}

#service xinetd restart

2. 配置DHCP服务器

#cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-3.0.5/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcpd.conf
cp：是否覆盖“/etc/dhcpd.conf”? y

#vi /etc/dhcpd.conf

ddns-update-style interim;
ignore client-updates;
filename "pxelinux.0"; //PXE得到IP以后的引导文件
next-server 192.168.242.253; //服务器IP地址。

subnet 192.168.242.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { //所属网段及掩码。
# --- default gateway
option routers 192.168.242.1; //路由器IP，可以写网关IP
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
# option nis-domain "domain.org"; //注销
# option domain-name "domain.org"; //注销
option domain-name-servers 192.168.242.253; //DNS服务器IP
option time-offset -18000; # Eastern Standard Time
# option netbios-node-type 2;
range dynamic-bootp 192.168.242.100 192.168.242.200; //IP地址池范围。
default-lease-time 21600;
．．．．．．后面省略 //写配置文件的时候注意每句后面的分号（；）不要丢了。

#service dhcpd start

#chkconfig --level 35 dhcpd on

现在到客户端开机从网卡启动应该就好了

**************************
客户端使用时遇到的问题：
#apt-get update 时出错，应该下载不到镜像
Some index files failed to download, they have been ignored......

解决：
#mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bk
#vi /etc/apt/sources.list 添加如下：

deb http://Ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ lucid main universe restricted multiverse
deb-src http://Ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ lucid main universe restricted multiverse
deb http://Ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ lucid-security universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src http://Ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ lucid-security universe main multiverse restricted
deb http://Ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates universe main multiverse restricted
deb http://Ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ lucid-proposed universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src http://Ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ lucid-proposed universe main multiverse restricted
deb http://Ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ lucid-backports universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src http://Ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ lucid-backports universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src http://Ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates universe main multiverse restricted

#vi /etc/apt/apt.conf 把第一行注释
#Acquire::http::Proxy "http://192.168.242.254";