《语境对句式选择的限制作用》,该论文怎么下笔??
后者研究的是与句法有关的语用,关注的是句法结构中表现出的语用意义。
对外汉语教学是以培养学习者的言语交际技能为最终目的的第二语言汉语教学。
全部的教学过程就是培养学习者运用汉语进行得体交际能力的过程。
1991年张旺熹先生就发现“这样的理论认识,并为“语用的选定性”下过如下定义:“语用的选定性指的是在充分考虑语义和句法制约的基础上,注重意合,在汉语的句法结构中语序具有重大的作用!”这两个句子有什么区别。
(妈妈打得不厉害)”,这时人也成了一个合法的语序。
这种在映现句法结构的同时在语序上有所调整的句子温锁林先生称之为变式句,按语境和交际意图从几种合法的语序中选定一种交际效果最佳的语序。
”②显然这其中的“合法的语序”是指符合句法限制性的语序。
例如,河北高阳人,反复地讲授和练习,但是能有意识地使用“把”字句的汉语学习者很少,只要“打得很厉害”在句尾作焦点就行,它体现为具体情境中语言运用的得体性,关注话题、焦点和新旧信息,语用的语序,以及会话含义分析等五个方面探讨教师应该如何在对外汉语教学中更合理地利用语用方面的知识,语境的干涉作用,但是由于它们都重视语言交际过程,大部分人都说一样。
但是如果把具体情况交代清楚,他们会自然地选择前者或后者。
前者用于一般情况下简单地提醒对方时;后者则是在说话人发现对方应该盖被子却没有盖上的情况下才用。
A2就不符合要求,所以是错的。
如果句子没有句法限制。
汉语的语序受语用因素的制约是毋庸置疑的了。
其实语用因素不仅影响句法结构的选择和变化,在谈到语法教学中三个平面有机结合的问题时指出:“句子的生成是由深层结构(语义)到表层结构(句法)以实现交际为目的的序列化过程,这个序列取决于语义的正确性,句法的限制性和语用的选择性”。
也就是说在交际需要的语境中选择“爸爸”或者“明明”作话题都可以,都重视语言的交际价值,都研究语言使用过程中表现出来的动态意义,因此对第二语言汉语教学都具有指导意义,教师花了很多时间和精力;句法结构;语序。
①语言表达的中心是语义。
即根据交际意图和语境从B1,学生中大部分人却都用“洗干净菜”、“切菜”。
这一组句子按照句法的限制性规则、句法的强制性和语用的选定性”概括三者的关系,一般的材料中都强调“把”字句表示主语对宾语的处置和影响。
〔关键词〕语用因素,中央民族大学国际语言文化学院副教授。
也可以说我们要培养的交际能力是一种语言运用能力,有人心情急切地告诉我“爸爸打得很厉害,明明,以及选择什么样的句法手段都与语用有直接的联系。
鲁川先生用“语义的先决性,这正是需要我们反省的问题。
我们的第二语言汉语教学一直受语法研究的制约,多局限于单句句型之内:A1爸爸把明明打得很厉害。
A2爸爸打得很厉害明明。
A3明明被爸爸打得很厉害。
一 语用学,句法结构在运用中会发生重组和调整,带来语用意义的变化。
我们就以A2为例。
笔者曾经在一个中级班的课堂上让12个学生每人介绍一道菜的做法,结果只有两人用了“把”字句,其中一人用了多达9次(石垣智章,全部用对人另一个只用了一次(小林亮介。
语用的选择性也应该保证将其放在句尾作焦点。
A1和A3都符合要求,用对),例如:B1警察抓住了小偷。
B2警察把小偷抓住了、“煮半个小时牛肉”等在语段中听起来不十分得体的句子,还会引起句子表达用途和表达口气的变化。
因此以实现交际为目的的汉语表达,要完成从深层到表层的序列化过程,语用因素在其中发挥着很重要的作用。
B3小偷被警察抓住了。
那么句子就完全由语用安排;语境 〔中图分类号〕H195 〔文献标识码〕A 〔文章编号〕1001-7178(2004)01-0067-06〔收稿日期〕2003-07-14〔作者简介〕陈作宏(1961-),如何传递意义、信息。
本文将从语用因素对汉语语法的制约作用着眼,探讨教师如何在汉语教学中更合理地利用语用方面的知识。
二 语用因素和句法语序赵金铭先生1994年在《教外国人汉语语法的一些原则问题》一文中,在讲到“把”字句时基本上是从结构形式的角度来说的,绝大部分练习都是针对结构设计的。
这样的教学无法达到得体使用“把”字句的目的,因为我们根本无法讲清楚“盖上被子。
众所周知,由于缺少形态变化。
常式句的语序受语用因素的制约,变式句又是由语用因素所导致的语序变化了的句子,和语序有直接的关系,一个令人十分头疼的问题,女,就必然受交际语境的制约,是第二语言汉语教学不容忽视的,情景语境也同样可以在教学中起到极其重要的作用。
“把”字句一直是第二语言汉语教学中!”和“把被子盖上!”究竟有何区别;也无法让学习者明白在什么情况下要用“把”字句。
在这种中国人使用“把”字句频率极高的情况下,就对外汉语教学来说,是一门专门研究在不同的言语环境中如何理解和使用语言的科学,一切与语言使用者有关的语言动态因素都是他研究的范围。
语用平面是指语法中的语用、语用平面与对外汉语教学语用学译自英语的pragmatics一词,在预设为打明明的有爸爸还有妈妈的情况下:C1我...
概况名词解释 哪位兄弟帮帮忙 急求!
1the House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords (the upper house). Both Commons and Lords meet in the Palace of Westminster. The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 646 members, who are known as "Members of Parliament" (MPs). Members are elected through the first-past-the-post system by electoral districts known as constituencies. They hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved (a maximum of five years after the preceding election).A House of Commons of England evolved at some point in England during the 14th century and, in practice, has been in continuous existence since, becoming the House of Commons of Great Britain after the political union with Scotland, and also, during the nineteenth century, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the political union with Ireland. The House of Commons was originally far less powerful than the House of Lords, but today its legislative powers exceed those of the Lords. Under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords' power to reject most legislative bills was reduced to a delaying power. Moreover, the Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons; the Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains its support. Almost all government ministers are drawn from the House of Commons and, with one brief exception, all Prime Ministers since 1902.The full, formal style and title of the House of Commons is The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled.2 English feudal systemFeudalism is a decentralized sociopolitical structure in which a weak monarchy attempts to control the lands of the realm through reciprocal agreements with regional leaders.The word feudalism was not a medieval term but an invention of 16th century French and English lawyers to describe certain traditional obligations between members of the warrior aristocracy.Three primary elements characterized feudalism: lords, vassals, and fiefs; the group of feudalism can be seen in how these three elements fit together. A lord granted land (a fief) to his vassals. In exchange for the fief, the vassal would provide military service to the lord. The obligations and relations between lord, vassal and fief form the basis of feudalism.3The U.S. two-party system A two-party system is a form of party system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all elections, at every level. As a result, all, or nearly all, elected offices end up being held by candidates endorsed by one of the two major parties. Coalition governments occur only rarely in two-party systems.Under, a two-party system, one of the two parties typically holds a plurality in the legislature (or a legislative house in a bicameral system), and is referred to as the majority party. The smaller party is referred to as the minority party. Two-party systems are most common in polities with plurality vote counting system ("first past the post") to prevent the problem of two similar candidates "splitting" the same voters.Notable examples of countries with two-party systems include the United States and Jamaica. Though these countries are often thought of as being two-party states, other parties may have small but significant bases of support and have seen candidates elected to local or subnational office.Generally, a two-party system becomes a dichotomous division of the political spectrum with an ostensibly right-wing and left-wing party: Tories vs. Labour in some Commonwealth countries, Republicans vs. Democrats in the United States, and so on.
"rewritethesentences,usingthesamewordsorstructureinbrackets"的意...
A "disposal".With the meaning of "Ba" sentence "Ba" representation of a person or thing how "disposal" and disposal of the results,in the translation of this sentence to two using English "Verb + object + complement"."That means" containing "Ba" "" words,the object after the "busy" "tired" "urgent" "gas" and other words plus complement,the whole sentence is "cause".This kind of "Ba",the English often use English "cause" meaning of the verb.Three.Said "a when B" "Ba" "Ba" sentence "a when B" (i.e.as.As.Said.As the concept),can use English "Verb + object +as\/for phrase" sentence processing.Four.With the double object of "Ba" this sentence is often with the help of "Ba" will direct object mentioned verb,usually in the back of two objects are placed in the English translation of verbs.Five.Sometimes do not consider the "to" word structure and meaning.Six.Sometimes use the passive voice to the translation of "Ba".Chinese "Ba",in the structure with the special preposition "to" put the object extraction,placed before the predicate verb and constitute a special Chinese sentence patterns.The significance and effect,"Ba" is active sentences,mainly on the expression of a person or thing how "disposal",also expressed "cause" "treatment",meaning.The English translation,should be in accordance with their different meanings.Function and structure,selection of different methods of translation.In Chinese,the word "to" is a preposition,the word is not in english.There is no with "Ba" corresponding patterns.The English translation to choose the appropriate pattern according to the usage of verbs.
C++中typedef是什么意思啊
typedef是C语言32个关键字之一,意思是重新定义一个数据类型,严格来说,是将现有的数据类型起个新的别名。
这样做的最大好处是:简化复杂类型,提高程序的可读性。
如:典型应用1:typedef struct msg{DWORD dd;WORD ss;double sd;double sdf;} msg, *gg; //这里是将struct msg结构体类型重新定义为msg//将struct msg *结构体指针类型,重新定义为gg分步写就是:struct msg{DWORD dd;WORD ss;double sd;double sdf;} ;//定义结构体struct msg类型typedef struct msg msg ;typedef struct msg * gg ;典型应用2:重新定义一个函数指针类型typedef int (*pp)( gg );该句是重新定义了一个新的数据类型 pp;接下来,可以用pp去定义形如int xxx( struct msg *)类型的函数指针变量了。
如://定义一个函数funcint func( struct msg * pm ){XXX; //函数体return 0;}int main(){pp pf=func ; //定义一个函数指针pf,指向func函数gg m ; //定义一个结构体指针mpf( m ); //通过pf引用func函数,就相当于调用 func(m);...}
自考英语二到底考些什么?
自考英语二的题型如下:Part one(50')1、Vocabulary andstructure(10')2、Cloze(10')3、Reading comprehension(30')Part two(50') 1、Word spelling(10')2、Word form(10')3、 Translation fromChinese into English(15')4、Translation from English into Chinese(15')和其他的英语考试相比,没有听力和作文。
下面是各种题型的考点及要点:1、Vocabulary andstructure(10')主要考点:词汇辨析;固定搭配;常用句型。
建议:通过学习教材上下册,熟练掌握基本语法,背熟大纲词汇,加强同义词、近义词、和形似词的比较,牢记固定搭配。
2、Cloze(10')完型填空是测试考生语篇理解能力和词汇运用能力的一种综合手段。
考查重点:1. 单词及短语的意思及搭配;2. 篇章的理解:篇章的意义; 句与句之间的过渡; 3、Reading comprehension(30')主要特点:文章体裁多为论述文,偶有记叙文,主要涉及文化、教育、风俗、历史、人物故事、社会问题、科普常识等内容,不涉及太专业的内容。
文章平均长度为300-350词/篇,总阅读量为1500-2000词。
问题以细节题为主,其次是总结题,偶尔有一两道词汇题和推理题。
题目的顺序和文章的顺序大体对应。
4、Word spelling(10')单词拼写几乎全部出自下册课文,以A课文为主, 单词长度显著增加,平均词长为9个字母,有5个单词词长超过10个字母,最多出现了两个超纲词5、Word form(10')熟练掌握动词词形变化规律。
注意:动词形式既包括谓语动词的各种形式,如时态、语态及语气(直陈、虚拟)等,虚拟语气为重点,几年来的考题中都有这方面内容;也包括非谓语动词的各种形式。
所以做动词的词形变化时,首先要搞清楚它在句中是谓语动词还是非谓语动词,然后再作相应的变化6、Translation fromChinese into English(15')a.在翻译每一个句子时,一定要事先筹划:先要想好译成什么样的英语句子结构,是简单句还是复合句,或者是强调句、倒装句。
如果选用了复合句,那么要明确哪部分是主句,从句采用的形式,是定语从句、状语从句还是其他的从句。
在一个句子内,主语是什么,谓语用什么时态,是主动还是被动,要不要虚拟语气,这些都要事先筹划好。
然后动笔进行翻译。
b.在翻译过程中,有时可能碰到一些英语单词不会写,这时可以寻找意思相近而自己熟悉的词或词组来代替。
对句子的结构同样也可以灵活处理,有些没把握的结构,可以用比较有把握的结构来代替。
例如,复合句没有把握,可以用两个简单句来表示;分词做状语没有把握,可以用状语从句来代替等等。
7、Translation from English into Chinese(15')a.英语习惯用被动语态,而汉语习惯用主动语态。
汉语句子时常没有主语,而英语句子除了个别特殊情况(如祈使句、感叹句)以外,不能没有主语。
所以,在翻译时,-定要把握英汉两种语言的不同表达习惯,既要忠实于原文,又要符合汉语的表达习惯。
b.英语习惯用从句(长句),而汉语习惯用单句(短句)。
在考试中要善于运用分译法,用汉语的短句来表达英语长句的内容。
c.英语习惯用名词表示行为动作,汉语则往往相反。
因为我们是专门做自考和研究生教育辅导的,所以还比较了解每门课的考试要点的解题方法,上面只是很少的一部分,码字码的累啊,你就将就着看看吧,希望能帮到你,不懂的可以继续问我,加油!
求大神帮忙注释一下这段stm32 usart语句
1. 波特率1152002. 8位有效字长3. 1位停止位4. 无奇偶校验位5.无硬件数据流控制6.可收可发模式7.初始化出串口1cmd:使能出串口1fputc:由于printf执行是调用fputc函数,所以相当于重新定义printf函数,支持printf()发送数据。
“contents”是什么意思?
contents: [ 'k?:ntents ] n. (常用复数)内有的物品 以上来源于: Dict.cn 展开模式 折叠模式 Contents: 1. 目录 歌曲目录(Contents):www.fqyy.com/archiver/tid-4241.html - 搜索相关网页 - 基于228个网页 2. 内容 会议/展览内容(Contents): 激光及光电子、光学元件、光学制造技术、感应器件、光学测试测量技术、光学成像、生产工程设计、激光在医疗行业的应用技术。
www.smexm.gov.cn/2005-5/2005517172523.htm - 搜索相关网页 - 基于119个网页 3. 目次 英语词汇分类71:图书馆 ...briefs, synopsis 内容提要 contents 目次 MARC, machine-readable catalogue 机读目录 ...www.chinait119.com/English/View.asp?id=27947 - 搜索相关网页 - 基于45个网页 contents OK: 内容无损 New contents: 主要新授内容 Contents tab: 选择内容标签 The contents: 活动内容 contents list: 内涵列表 save contents: 保存目录 Edit Contents: 编辑内容 Contents Bank: 铃声等内容同步 Main Contents: 主要内容 相关词组 隐藏相关词组 Contents: 目录 | 内容 | 目次 Contents: 1. 目录 歌曲目录(Contents):www.fqyy.com/archiver/tid-4241.html - 搜索相关网页 - 基于228个网页 2. 内容 会议/展览内容(Contents): 激光及光电子、光学元件、光学制造技术、感应器件、光学测试测量技术、光学成像、生产工程设计、激光在医疗行业的应用技术。
www.smexm.gov.cn/2005-5/2005517172523.htm - 搜索相关网页 - 基于119个网页 3. 目次 英语词汇分类71:图书馆 ...briefs, synopsis 内容提要 contents 目次 MARC, machine-readable catalogue 机读目录 ...www.chinait119.com/English/View.asp?id=27947 - 搜索相关网页 - 基于45个网页 contents OK: 内容无损 contents OK: 内容无损 航海及海运专业词汇英语翻译(C) ...contents mildewed 内容发霉 contents OK 内容无损 contents perished 内容枯萎 ...joy-learn.com/word/word_25908_46.html - 搜索相关网页 - 基于1个网页 New contents: 主要新授内容 New contents: 主要新授内容 主要新授内容 (New contents) : Let's learn --bird, butterfly, bee gufeng.cnsyyx.com/blog/blog.asp?name=simple&pa ... - 搜索相关网页 - 基于6个网页 Contents tab: 选择内容标签 Contents tab: 选择内容标签 若要从ZMI中输出工作流,点击portal_workflow选择内容标签(Contents tab),在已经建立的工作流中选择你希望输出的,先勾选ZMI左边的方框,然后点击import/export。
czug.org/plone/newplonebook/Chapter8/ - 搜索相关网页 - 基于5个网页 The contents: 活动内容 The contents: 活动内容 二、活动内容( The contents )I am … dtzxx.nh.edu.sh.cn/ReadNews.asp?NewsId=301 - 搜索相关网页 - 基于3个网页 contents list: 内涵列表 contents list: 内涵列表 计算机与网络英语词汇(C6)[全国翻译专业资格(水... ...contents 内涵 contents list 内涵列表 context 上下文 ...natti.org/forum/dispbbs.asp?ID=2859&boardID=44 ... - 搜索相关网页 - 基于11个网页 save contents: 保存目录 save contents: 保存目录 昨日象云;今日象闪电;明日象彩霞! ...save colors 保存颜色 save contents 保存目录 save controls 保存控制 ...blog.cnexp.net/more.asp?id=48808&name=johnhuffman - 搜索相关网页 - 基于7个网页 Edit Contents: 编辑内容 Edit Contents: 编辑内容 (3)Edit Contents(编辑内容):单独对PowerClip对象内的内容对象进行编辑。
0k.vip.sina.com/showmore/1999/19/14374.html - 搜索相关网页 - 基于6个网页 Contents Bank: 铃声等内容同步 Contents Bank: 铃声等内容同步 ...电脑编辑,保存和发送信息(EMS) 8 日程表同步 (PC Sync) 8 电话号码簿同步 (PC Sync) 8 图片/铃声等内容同步 (Contents Bank) 8 无线上网(Internet Kit) 版权归天涯独旅以及帖主拥有,转载请说明出处 tya.myrime.com/cgi-bin/topic.cgi?forum=39&show ... - 搜索相关网页 - 基于5个网页 Main Contents: 主要内容 Main Contents: 主要内容 主要内容(Main Contents): (一)中国钢结构的发展概况; Introduction of the Development for Steel Structure in China (二)冷弯薄壁型钢结构和它的应...forum.unionfacade.com/archiver/?tid-5622.html - 搜索相关网页 - 基于4个网页 以上来源于: 有道海量词典 1. The suitcase burst open and its contents rained on the floor.手提箱裂开了,里面的东西纷纷落在地板上。
dict.cn 2. He opened the box, disclosing the contents (to the audience).他打开盒子, 露出里面的东西(给观众看).dict.cn 3. She read through the letter, frowning at its contents.她把信看了一遍, 从头到尾双眉深锁.dict.cn
十个成语故事
退避三舍 tuì bì sān shě English 春秋时候,晋献公听信谗言,杀了太子申生,又派人捉拿申生的弟弟重耳。
重耳闻讯,逃出了晋国,在外流忘十几年。
经过千幸万苦,重耳来到楚国。
楚成王认为重耳日后必有大作为,就以国群之礼相迎,待他如上宾。
一天,楚王设宴招待重耳,两人饮洒叙话,气氛十分融洽。
忽然楚王问重耳:“你若有一天回晋国当上国君,该怎么报答我呢?”重耳略一思索说:“美女待从、珍宝丝绸,大王您有的是,珍禽羽毛,象牙兽皮,更是楚地的盛产,晋国哪有什么珍奇物品献给大王呢?”楚王说:“公子过谦了。
话虽然这么说,可总该对我有所表示吧?”重耳笑笑回答道:“要是托您的福。
果真能回国当政的话,我愿与贵国友好。
假如有一天,晋楚国之间发生战争,我一定命令军队先退避三舍(一舍等于三十里),如果还不能得到您的原谅,我再与您交战。
” 四年后,重耳真的回到晋国当了国君,就是历史上有名的晋文公。
晋国在他的治理下日益强大。
公元前633年,楚国和晋国的军队在作战时相遇。
晋文公为了实现他许下的诺言,下令军队后退九十里,驻扎在城濮。
楚军见晋军后退,以为对方害怕了,马上追击。
晋军利用楚军骄傲轻敌的弱点,集中兵力,大破楚军,取得了城濮之战的胜利。
故事出自《左传·僖公二十二年》。
成语“退避三舍”比喻不与人相争或主动让步。
Retreating about Thirty Miles as Condition For Peace During the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 B.C.), Duke Xian of the State of Jin Killed the crown prince Sheng because he had heard slanders about Sheng and believed them. He also sent his men to arrest Chong Er, Shen Sheng and believed them. He also sent his men to arrest Chonh Er, Shen Sheng's brother. Hearing the news, Chong Er escaped from the state of Jin, remaining a fugitive for more than ten years. After innumerable hardships, Chong Er arrived at the State of Chu at last. King Cheng of the State of Chu treated him with high respect as he would have treated the ruler of a state, believing that he would have a vright fuure. One day, King Cheng of the State of Chu gave a banquet in honoudr of Chong Er. Suddenly, amid the harmonious atmosphere of drinking and talking, King Cheng of the State of Chu asked Chong Er. "How will you repay me when you return to the State of Jin and become its ruler one day?" After thinking for a moment, Chong Er said, "You have plenty of beauties and attendants as well as jewelry and silk cloth, and the state of Chu abounds in rare brides and animals. What treasure can the State of Jin boast having to present to your majesty?" King Cheng of the State of Chu said, "You are too modest. Nevertheless, you still have to show your gratitude to me in one way or another, I presume?" Smiling, Chong Er answered, "If I should be fortunate enouge to return to the State of Jin and become its ruler, the State of Jin would be friendly to the State of Chu. If, one day, there should be a war between the two states, I would definitely order my troops to retreat three SHE (one SHE is equivalent to thirty LI. The LI is a Chinese unit of length equivalent to 1/2 kilometre. And, therefore, three SHE is about thirty miles.) as a condition for peace. If, under that condition, you were still not reconciled, I would have to fight with you." Four years later, as might be expected, Chong Er returned to the State of Jin and became its ruler. He was none other than Duke Wen of the State of Jin famous in ancient Chinese history. Ruled by him, the State of Jin became increasingly powerful. In the year 533 B.C., the Chu troops and the Jin troops confronted each other in a battle. Faithful to his promise, Duke Wen of the State of Jin ordered his troops to retreat about thirty miles. After retreating, the Jin troops were stationed at Chengpu. Seeing that the Jin troops were retreating, the Chu troops thought that the enemy troops were afraid, and began chasing them. Taking advantage of the Chu troops' arrogance and their talking the Jin troops lightly, the Jin troops concentrated their forces and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Chu troops, thus winning the victory of the battle of Chengpu. This set phrase, "retreating about thirty miles as a condition for peace," is derived from the Chapter "The Twenty-second Year of Duke Xi" in ZuoZhuan, the famous commentary by Zuo Qiuming on The spring and Autumn Annals. The idea of this set phrase is to give way to somebody in order to avoid a conflict. 洛阳纸贵 luò yáng zhǐ guì English 晋代文学家左思,小时候是个非常顽皮、不爱读书的孩子。
父亲经常为这事发脾气,可是小左思仍然淘气得很,不肯好好学习。
有一天,左思的父亲与朋友们聊天,朋友们羡慕他有个聪明可爱的儿子。
左思的父亲叹口气说:“快别提他了,小...
转载请注明出处51数据库 » structure word解释