A Comparative Overview of the Three Main “Western” Religions:

Religion: JUDAISM CHRISTIANITY ISLAM

Adherents Jew(s) Christian(s) Muslim(s) (Moslems)

Corresponding Adjectives Jewish; Judaic Christian Muslim; Islamic

Number of Adherents Today ca. 15 Million (0.25% of world) ca. 2.0–2.2 Billion (33% of world) ca. 1.2–1.5 Billion (20-25% of world)

Geographical Concentrations USA, Israel, parts of Europe

(esp. urban areas) S&N America, Europe, Australia,

parts of Africa & Asia S.Asia (India, Pak., Bangl.), SE Asia

(esp. Indonesia), Mid-East, N Africa

Major Branches Today * Orthodox

* Conservative

* Reform/Liberal

* Reconstructionist

* [ Secular / non-religious ] * (Eastern) Orthodox (12%):

Greek; Russian; Armenian; etc.

* (Roman) Catholic (50%):

Latin, Byzantine, other “rites”

* (Western) Protestant (25%):

many “churches/denominations”

* (Newer) Independent (18%):

local & “non-denominational” * Sunni (85%)

* Shi’ite (15%)

Mystical Traditions Kabbalah Monasticism Sufism

Core Scriptures Tanakh (Hebrew Bible; Mikra) Bible (OT & NT) Qur'an (Koran)

Structure of Scriptures

(and main organizing principle) Three Sections (in content/genre groups):

Torah, Nevi'im, Khetuvim Two Parts (mostly chronologically):

Old Testament & New Testament One Book: 114 Surahs

(by decreasing length, except #1)

Scriptural Language(s) Hebrew (and some Aramaic) Greek (later Latin, etc.) Arabic

Other Key Early Literature Rabbinic Writings:

Mishnah, Midrash, Talmuds * Patristic Writings

* Conciliar Creeds Hadith (“traditions” of Muhammad)

Historical Origins 2nd millennium BC/BCE 1st century AD/CE 7th century AD/CE

Main “Patriarchs” Abraham, Isaac, Jacob/Israel, 12 Sons Abraham, Isaac, Jacob Ibrahim (Abraham), Ismail (Ishmael)

Main “Prophet” Moses Jesus of Nazareth Muhammad (Mohammed)

Foundational Event(s) * Call and Migration of Abraham

* Passover / Exodus out of Egypt * Incarnation/Birth of Jesus

* Death & Resurrection of Jesus * Call of Muhammad as a prophet

* Migration from Makka to Madinah

Other Early Leaders * Joshua & Judges; David & Solomon

* prophets, priests, kings * Peter & Paul, James, John, etc.

* apostles, evangelists, bishops * First Four Caliphs (“successors”)

* Imams (“leaders”)

Holy Cities * Jerusalem * Jerusalem

* Constantinople; Rome; others?

(wherever God/Jesus is found) * Makka (Mecca)

* Madinah (Medina)

* Jerusalem

Main Worship Centers * Temple of Jerusalem (destroyed 70 AD) * Church of Holy Sepulcher (Jerusalem)

* Holy Land Sites (wherever Jesus was)

* Cathedrals, Basilicas (world-wide) * Kaaba (in Makka)

* Mosque of the Prophet (in Madinah)

* Dome of the Rock (in Jerusalem)

Local Worship Buildings Synagogues (Temples, Congregations) Churches (Chapels, Centers, etc.) Mosques (Masjids, Islamic Centers)

Local Leaders * Priests (cultic officials; until 70 CE)

* Rabbis (teachers; since 70 CE) * Bishops, Priests, Deacons (Cath & Orth)

* Pastors, Ministers, Elders (Prot.) * Imams, Mullahs (Sunni)

* Ayatollahs (Shi'ite)

Communal Worship Day Saturday, or Friday eve

(Exod 20:8-11; 31:12-17; 35:1-3; Lev 23:3) Sunday, or Saturday eve

(Luke 24:1-35; Acts 20:7) Friday, noon (Surah 62:9-10)

Most Common Prayer Shema (Deut 6:4-5) Lord's Prayer/Our Father (Matt 6:9-13) Fatiha (Qur'an 1:1-7)

Major Annual Feasts * Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement)

* Pesach (Passover / Exodus) * Easter (Resurrection of Jesus)

* Christmas (Birth of Jesus) * Ramadan (month of fasting/prayer)

* Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

Season of Penance/Renewal

High Holy Days (10 days b4 Yom Kippur) Lent (40 days before Easter) Ramadan (9th lunar month)

Day(s) of Fasting Yom Kippur (25 hrs) & 3 “minor” fasts Ash Wednesday & Good Friday Ramadan (29-30 days)

Calendar Type Luni-solar (leap-month in 7 of 19 years) Solar (leap-days; new moon anytime) Lunar (12 months of 29/30 days)

Length of Year 353-355 days (383-385 in leap years) 365 days (366 in leap years) 354-355 days (no leap months or years)

Year 1: Traditional Calendar Creation of the World (3760 BCE) Birth of Jesus (actually 6-4 BCE) Migration of Muhammad (620 CE)

Most Recent “New Year” 1 Tishri 5767 (Sept 23, 2006)

A.M. = Anno Mundi, “Year of the World” 1 January 2006

A.D. = Anno Domini, “Year of the Lord” 1 Muharram 1427 (Jan. 31, 2006)

A.H. = Anno Hijri, “Year of the Migration”

Name & Titles for God YHWH (Yahweh? Jehovah? not spoken);

Adonai/Lord; Elohim, El, Ja, G-d Father, Almighty, Lord, Creator;

TRINITY: Father, Son & Holy Spirit Allah, the Merciful, Compassionate;

99 Names for God (devotional)

Key Theological Concepts * Covenant = “Promises” of God/people

* Torah = God's “Teaching/Instruction” * Incarnation = Jesus “became flesh”

* Redemption = JC died for our sins * Islam = “Submission” to Allah/God

* Qur'an = “Recitation” of the Message

Basic Response

Expected of Believers Fidelity to the Covenant between God

and Israel, the Chosen People Faith in Jesus as Christ/Messiah,

Lord, Savior, Son of God Submission to God and the Message

of Muhammad, the ultimate prophet

Relationship of

Believers to Abraham Descendants (literally), thru Isaac

and Jacob/Israel (Exod 3:14-16) Children (figuratively), by faith

& adoption (Gal 3:6-9) Relatives (analogously), who submit

to Allah as Abraham did (Qur'an 3:67-68)

Views about Jesus 1st-century Jew; not the Messiah:

at best: a wise teacher, prophet, healer

at worst: a rebel, fraud, blasphemer

Lord, Christ/Messiah, Son of God:

“Second Person of the Trinity”;

fully human and fully divine Prophet (last one before Muhammad);

miraculous birth, but not divine

Artistic Focus Symbols & decorated ritual objects

(Torah Scrolls, Menorahs, Seder Plates, etc.);

but don't depict God/gods, humans, animals Images (crosses, paintings, statues, mosaics)

of Jesus, saints, biblical stories, etc.

(used for veneration, but not worshiped) Calligraphy (esp. the Arabic Qur'an),

Architecture & geometric designs;

but no depictions of God or prophets

Dietary Regulations Kasruth/Kosher: no pork, shellfish, etc.;

separation of milk & meat products;

meat slaughtered by proper methods None

(only some Xns avoid alcohol, meat, etc.) Halal: no pork; no alcohol;

meat slaughtered by proper methods

Questions for Group Discussion and/or Personal Reflection:

What connotations do the words “faith” and “belief” have for you? What do they mean in your use of contemporary English?

What is the difference between Monotheism & Henotheism? Tri-theism & Trinitarianism? Polytheism & Pantheism? Theism & Deism?

What is the core of Judaism? What do all Jews have in common? (consider beliefs, practices, ethics, prayers, etc.)

What is the core of Christianity? What do all Christians have in common? (consider beliefs, practices, ethics, prayers, etc.)

What is the core of Islam? What do all Muslims have in common? (consider beliefs, practices, ethics, prayers, etc.)

What is common or similar between all three of these religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam?

What are the main differences or disagreements between Judaism, Christianity, and/or Islam?

What role does “faith/trust/belief” have in your life right now?

What intrigues you most about each of these three religions?

有哪些好听的英文歌曲

意答案 好评率： 100% Never Let You Go----Justin Bieber Boys Boys Boys---Lady GaGa More Than I Can Say_Leo Sayer----Blog Love Tik Tok----Ke$ha Your Love Is My Drug---Ke$ha Beautiful Soul----Jesse McCartney Cold Outside-----Grace Bawden Chu~??---f(x) I Think Of You 想起你---Tata Young 爱你在心口难开英文版---未知 my humps---童声版 Our Story 我们的故事 Full version---天炫男孩 i wont tell--jay sean Kissin U---Miranda Cosgrove Kiss---2NE1【如果有空 可以看下这个视频 很好看的】 Nothin' On You（ft.bruno mars）---B.o.B. ShyShy---SD5行堂 Note To God---Charice Leeds Leeds Leeds(Marching On ）---Various Artists Con il tuo nome---Ivana Spagna 受了点伤（英文） zone - despre tine take play love I'm Gonna Getcha Good!--Shania Twain <一定要听这首哦> Never Had A Dream Come True--S Club 7 最近开始听这首歌的,太好听了 Any Man Of Mine--Shania Twain 还有这个 My name is --Emimem阿姆的经典之作 Happy Boys & Girls---Aqua 他\她们的歌很活泼 Barbie Girl--Aqua When You Say Nothing At All--Alison Krauss细心品味,我很喜欢这首歌的 Candy Shop--50 Cent 相信很多人听过吧 Back to you--Bryan Adams The Power Of Love--Celine Dion yellow--coldplay I COULD BE THE ONE--Donna Lewis 声音很甜 Without Me--Eminem 又一首阿姆的经典之作 Don't Turn Off the Light--Enrique Iglesias Any one Of Us--Gareth Gates 经典 American Idiot--Green Day 朋克乐,我很喜欢 Boulevard of Broken Dreams--Green Day Moonlight Shadow --Groove Coverage Yesterday Yes A Day--Jane Birkin Because You Live--Jesse McCartney 人又帅歌又好 When You Believe--Mariah-Carey 很多地方介绍这首经典的 Nothing gonna chang my love for you We Will Rock You--Queen 摇滚中的经典 better man--Robbie Williams Tommai mai rub sak tee Special----Lydia（媲美前面两首的绝对要听的好歌。如果听了有说不好听的。我就真是无语了。。绝对超级好听！！！） innocence （这首也是公认的超级好听！前段时间也是喜欢的爱不释手。声音很好听。推荐！！推荐！） just one last dance（这首不用说了吧。估计很多人因为听的太多而。。。） moonlight shadow--- Groove Coverage;（几年前朋友推荐的。绝对好听。相信很多人都知道。个人觉得是Groove Coverag最好听的歌。没听过的强烈推荐） The Saltwater Room---Owl City（相当好听的一首歌。男声绝对很精彩。女声更好听。也是一首一听便会喜欢的歌！不信你听！！） yesterday----the beatles（这首适合自己一个人的时候听。。简单的调。高潮很好听！恩好听！！） Traveling Light----Joel Hanson & Sara Groves（听到第一句，你就会喜欢上的。相信我！！节奏稍微较上面的快点。又一首好歌！） 英文歌曲）ten years(十年英文版)---va (英文经典情歌)because i love you （英文经典情歌）-only love (英文经典情歌)that's why you go away I Want It That Way how do you do(radio mix) black eyed peas--my humps alice deejay-back in my life(英文快歌) As long as you love me because you live better man超好听的一首英文歌！不好听你来吊我 camilla — broken韩国还有这么经典的英文歌曲 cascada - everytime we touch everytime布兰尼 far away from home give me your love tonight god is a girl 上帝是个女孩 groove coverage 05 i need you vs i need you hi ya ya summer days-tvxq i miss you jill (卫诗) - 03.misbehave larger than life loving you m2m mirror mirror m2m_-_do_you_know_what_you_want m2m-everything you do m2m-give a little love m2m-mirror mirror michael jackson_迈克尔.杰克逊-拯救世界_heal the world only love(经典英文歌曲) pretty boy 漂亮男孩 英文歌 rise_and_fall-2006合成[djbobo_rmx] sarah connor - love is color blind seasons in the sun she 听天使在唱歌（英文版） swear it again the answer to our life the day you went away—全世界最好听的英文歌 Westlife-ILayMyLoveOnYou you make me wanna 艾微儿-滑板少年 超好听的英文歌曲_proud of you 好听的英文歌曲 - mltr_nothing_to_lose 好听的英文歌曲-the tower 后街男孩 - drowing 后街男孩-christmas time 怀旧英文情歌 - casablanca 卡萨布兰卡 经典英文歌曲 - endless love（永无止境的爱） 经典英文歌曲：forever friend 经典英文歌曲：kiss me 经典英文歌曲-i think i love you 经典英文老歌 野人花园 truly madly deeply 经典英文老歌--you will be my love(十万吨情缘英文插曲) 流行- 英文 - 英文经典歌曲 - 07. i swear 流行- 英文 - 英文经典歌曲 - big big world 欧美经典英文歌曲 - how do i live（空中监狱配曲） 欧美经典英文歌曲pro -- 泰坦尼克号 主题曲 欧美经典英文歌曲pro -- 友谊天长地久 欧美流行--sarah connor-im gonna find you 糖果盒子sweetbox- life is cool 小甜甜布兰妮-crazy_crazy(andy吐血推荐) 一首好听的英文歌曲：moonlight shadow 一首很好听的英文歌曲：forever 一首英文歌《i could be the one》,超好听！！！ 英文06 - 世界上最动听的歌 - heal the world_michael jackson - 欧美经典流行歌曲精选 英文- sealed with a kiss（欧美经典怀旧歌曲） 英文版王心凌第一次爱的人—the day you went away 英文歌曲 - 经典老歌 - bryan adans - everything i do i do it for you 英文歌曲 - 西城男孩、后街男孩 - 真爱无敌 英文歌曲 - 英文经典 - r.kelly - i believe i can fly 英文歌曲 lene marlin《sitting down here》 英文歌曲-吻别 英文版 （让我靠近你的心） 英文歌曲新干线dj现场版 - 金色年华 英文歌曲-张学友-其实不想走(英文版) 英文经典电影情歌say you say me 英文经典歌曲-all out of love失落的爱 英文经典歌曲欧美怀旧金曲 - 清晨（纯音乐） 英文经典老歌-yesterday once more 英文经典老歌-人鬼情未了 英文经典情歌-how do i live（空中监狱配曲） 英文经典情歌-the one you love i've never been to me—Charlene (舒缓忧郁的歌。还是那句---真的好听。别错过了！) i still believe—Mariah carey (高潮曾经用作一段时间的铃声。相信很多人都听过。8错的歌。值得听！) 玛利亚·凯莉:Obsessed／ｂｙｅｂｙｅ／ｉｓｔａｙｉｎｌｏｖｅ／ｍｙａｌｌ／ｔｏｕｃｈｍｙｂｏｄｙ Pixie Lott：Mama Do (Uh Oh Uh Oh) Kate Voegele：99 Times Bobby Tinsley：Missing You Linda Andrews：Why? Kate & Ben：Schlaflied Take：一句话/Think About Me BY2：Bye Bye Bye HIT-5：Say you love me again

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